These cities are yet to be identified. [189], In South Africa, ants are used to help harvest the seeds of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis), a plant used to make a herbal tea. It is also dominant in the manufacturing sector, though the dominance is not as huge, with historical contributions ranging from a low of 44% to a high of 52.6%. Some Native American mythology, such as the Hopi mythology, considers ants as the very first animals. Tourism in Punjab is regulated by the Tourism Development Corporation of Punjab. Some simply fight their way into the nest. The largest non-Muslim minority is Christians and make up 2,068,233 i.e. [199] Ant colonies may be studied by rearing or temporarily maintaining them in formicaria, specially constructed glass framed enclosures. Mealybugs may become a serious pest of pineapples if ants are present to protect mealybugs from their natural enemies. Trap-jaw ants of the genus Odontomachus are equipped with mandibles called trap-jaws, which snap shut faster than any other predatory appendages within the animal kingdom. [66] Secretions from the male accessory glands in some species can plug the female genital opening and prevent females from re-mating. Punjab is Pakistan's second largest province by area after Balochistan with an area of 205,344 square kilometres (79,284 square miles). Despite the lack of a coastline, Punjab is the most industrialised province of Pakistan;[13] its manufacturing industries produce textiles, sports goods, heavy machinery, electrical appliances, surgical instruments, vehicles, auto parts, metals, sugar mill plants, aircraft, cement, agricultural machinery, bicycles and rickshaws, floor coverings, and processed foods. According to Manzur Ejaz, "In Central Punjab, Punjabi is neither an official language of the province nor it is used as medium of education at any level. [105][106] There was a small Jain community left in Punjab by the 16th century, while the Buddhist community had largely disappeared by the turn of the 10th century. It has been hypothesised that a Proto-Indo-European word *morwi- was used, cf. For the geographical region, see. [120][121] Some species of ant are able to use the Earth's magnetic field for navigation. This was the largest army faced by Greeks in entire subcontinent. Punjab contributes about 76% to annual food grain production in the country. [113], Foraging ants travel distances of up to 200 metres (700ft) from their nest [114] and scent trails allow them to find their way back even in the dark. [92], Suicidal defences by workers are also noted in a Brazilian ant, Forelius pusillus, where a small group of ants leaves the security of the nest after sealing the entrance from the outside each evening. The literacy rate has increased greatly over the last 40 years (see the table below). [129] These rafts may also have a role in allowing ants to colonise islands. Some later commercial versions use transparent gel instead of soil, allowing greater visibility at the cost of stressing the ants with unnatural light. The worker subsequently dies. [11] During the siege of the city's citadel, the Alexander leaped into the inner area of the citadel, where he killed the Mallians' leader. [34] The rise of kingdoms and dynasties in the Punjab is chronicled in the ancient Hindu epics, particularly the Mahabharata. The current Chief Minister is Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi He got elected by the National Assembly on 26 July 2022. The parasite also alters the behaviour of the ant, causing them to carry their gasters high. Some arthropod species spend part of their lives within ant nests, either preying on ants, their larvae, and eggs, consuming the food stores of the ants, or avoiding predators. [73] In Cardiocondyla elegans, workers may transport newly emerged queens to other conspecific nests where wingless males from unrelated colonies can mate with them, a behavioural adaptation that may reduce the chances of inbreeding.[74]. [34] At the end of the war, high casualty rates, heavy taxation, inflation, and a widespread influenza epidemic disrupted Punjabi society. Some worker ants maintain the hygiene of the colony and their activities include undertaking or necrophoresis, the disposal of dead nest-mates. Taxila is the site of what is considered by few scholars to be one of the oldest university in South Asia. (false tocandiras) of South America [188] and the Myrmecia ants of Australia. [20] Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, was born in the town of Nankana Sahib, near Lahore. WebWatch CBS News live and get the latest, breaking news headlines of the day for national news and world news today. Some species or genera commonly categorized as pests include the Argentine ant, immigrant pavement ant, yellow crazy ant, banded sugar ant, pharaoh ant, red wood ant, black carpenter ant, odorous house ant, red imported fire ant, and European fire ant. [36] He (alongside Abisares) had a hostile relationship with the Kingdom of Taxila which was ruled by his extended family. This is a chart of the education market of Punjab estimated by the government in 1998. When the divisions were restored as a tier of government in 2008, a tenth division Sheikhupura Division was created from part of Lahore Division. Ants react to their infection by climbing up plants and sinking their mandibles into plant tissue. [6][7] The family name Formicidae is derived from the Latin formca ("ant")[8] from which the words in other Romance languages, such as the Portuguese formiga, Italian formica, Spanish hormiga, Romanian furnic, and French fourmi are derived. Murree is a famous hill station stop for tourists. [38], An ant's head contains many sensory organs. ben de kremden falan ok holanmadmdan, zeytinya sreyim dedim. [67] Most ant species have a system in which only the queen and breeding females have the ability to mate. [11], 15th century saw rise of many prominent Muslims from Punjab. The caterpillar is then taken into the ant nest where it feeds on the ant larvae. However, Eudemus, who had served as Alexander's satrap in the Punjab region, treacherously killed Porus. Below are lists of the top 10 contributors to committees that have raised at least $1,000,000 and are primarily formed to support or oppose a state ballot measure or a candidate for state office in the November 2022 general election. The petiole may be formed by one or two nodes (the second alone, or the second and third abdominal segments). Management is based on the species and techniques may vary according to the location and circumstance. From their capital in Multan they ruled the far areas of Kashmir. WebWatch breaking news videos, viral videos and original video clips on CNN.com. [98][100][101] The bulk of the Rigveda was composed in the Punjab region between circa 1500 and 1200 BC,[102] while later Vedic scriptures were composed more eastwards, between the Yamuna and Ganges rivers. In the 7th century, the region saw its first wave of Muslim conquests, which introduced Islam. Tonight I review Bullseye Model Aviation's 1/48 scale "Desert Storm The province's economy has quadrupled since 1972. [19], It has been strongly influenced by Sufism, with numerous Sufi shrines spread across the province, attracting millions of devotees annually. [57] The differentiation into queens and workers (which are both female), and different castes of workers, is influenced in some species by the nutrition the larvae obtain. They are the cash crops that contribute substantially to the national exchequer. [71] During the species-specific breeding period, winged females and winged males, known to entomologists as alates, leave the colony in what is called a nuptial flight. Insects do not have lungs; oxygen and other gases, such as carbon dioxide, pass through their exoskeleton via tiny valves called spiracles. The incidence of poverty differs between the different regions of Punjab. [53] He was a Khokhar chieftain who travelled to Samarkand and profited from the contacts he made with the Timurid society[54] Later on, Delhi Sultanate, weakened by invasion of Emir Timur, could not control all regions of the Empire and different local kingdoms appeared. They are the sub-order Isoptera, and together with cockroaches they form the order Blattodea. The next decades saw a series of AfghanSikh Wars and in 1799, the Sikh Empire was formally established under Ranjit Singh with its capital in Lahore. Punjab also contains part of the Thal and Cholistan deserts. Other crops include rice, sugarcane, millet, corn, oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, and fruits such as kinoo. After his death his son Muhammad Tughlaq became the emperor. [69] Males may also patrol the nest and fight others by grabbing them with their mandibles, piercing their exoskeleton and then marking them with a pheromone. During the independence movement, many Punjabis played a significant role, including Madan Lal Dhingra, Sukhdev Thapar, Ajit Singh Sandhu, Bhagat Singh, Udham Singh, Kartar Singh Sarabha, Bhai Parmanand, Choudhry Rahmat Ali, and Lala Lajpat Rai. [86] Fire ants, Solenopsis spp., are unique in having a venom sac containing piperidine alkaloids. [103], The army ants of South America, such as the Eciton burchellii species, and the driver ants of Africa do not build permanent nests, but instead, alternate between nomadism and stages where the workers form a temporary nest (bivouac) from their own bodies, by holding each other together. Their representation in the fossil record is poor, in comparison to the populations of other insects, representing only about 1% of fossil evidence of insects in the era. [Quran 27:18],[207][208] In parts of Africa, ants are considered to be the messengers of the deities. The wound is pressed together and ants are applied along it. Each book includes a big decal sheet. Some species specialise in preying on termites (Megaponera and Termitopone) while a few Cerapachyinae prey on other ants. For example, Jerdon's jumping ant (Harpegnathos saltator) is able to jump by synchronising the action of its mid and hind pairs of legs. Punjab is also the world's fifth-most populous subnational entity, and the most populous outside of China and India. Multan and Uch were conquered after 3 attacks and Multan's Arab ruler Abul Fateh Daud was defeated, thousands of Ismailis were killed or mutilated according to 11th century scholar Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi, though the community was not extinguished,[51] famous Sun Temple was destroyed. "Punjabi in schools: Pro-Punjabi outfits in Pakistan threaten hunger strike". [59], During the most of 15th century, the Khokhars and Gakhars tribe were in general revolt in the Pothohar region. A crushed ant emits an alarm pheromone that sends nearby ants into an attack frenzy and attracts more ants from farther away. [198] Studies on ants have tested hypotheses in ecology and sociobiology, and have been particularly important in examining the predictions of theories of kin selection and evolutionarily stable strategies. Punjab has also more than 68 thousand industrial units. The smallest and largest workers in Carebara diversa show nearly a 500-fold difference in their dry weights. [159] Seed dispersal by ants or myrmecochory is widespread, and new estimates suggest that nearly 9% of all plant species may have such ant associations. Up to half a pound (200g) of seeds may be collected from one ant-heap. Those using scientific methods, myrmecologists, study ants in the laboratory and in their natural conditions. A variety of methods are employed to enter the nest of the host ant. It is especially dominant in the service and agriculture sectors of Pakistan's economy. [123][124] These are known as macrergates while smaller workers are known as micrergates. WebDiscover all the collections by Givenchy for women, men & kids and browse the maison's history and heritage [2][3] This rapid demographic shift was primarily due to wide scale migration but also caused by large-scale religious cleansing riots which were witnessed across the region at the time. Usually the largest workers in the colony develop into repletes; and, if repletes are removed from the colony, other workers become repletes, demonstrating the flexibility of this particular polymorphism. Their success in so many environments has been attributed to their social organisation and their ability to modify habitats, tap resources, and defend themselves. [39] Compared to vertebrates, ants tend to have blurrier eyesight, particularly in smaller species,[40] and a few subterranean taxa are completely blind. The use of weaver ants in citrus cultivation in southern China is considered one of the oldest known applications of biological control. [140][141], Aphids and other hemipteran insects secrete a sweet liquid called honeydew, when they feed on plant sap. The Sultanate included regions of southern and central Punjab and areas of Khyber and Balochistan. [60], A new ergate spends the first few days of its adult life caring for the queen and young. Heat makes flying easier and freshly fallen rain makes the ground softer for mated queens to dig nests. The Jallianwala massacre fueled the indian independence movement. IX. [citation needed], The province is home to over half the population of Pakistan, and is the world's fifth-most populous subnational entity, and the most populous outside China or India. Like all ants, they can also make use of visual landmarks when available[119] as well as olfactory and tactile cues to navigate. When the food source is exhausted, no new trails are marked by returning ants and the scent slowly dissipates. [12] The oldest fossils of ants date to the mid-Cretaceous, around 100 million years ago, which belong to extinct stem-groups such as the Haidomyrmecinae, Sphecomyrminae and Zigrasimeciinae, with modern ant subfamilies appearing towards the end of the Cretaceous around 80-70 million years ago. By the Oligocene and Miocene, ants had come to represent 2040% of all insects found in major fossil deposits. [18] Punjab is also one of the most urbanized regions of South Asia, with approximately 40 percent of its population being concentrated in urban areas. Like virtually all ants, they are eusocial, but their social behaviour is poorly developed compared to other species. The city was third in Pakistan behind Karachi ($78billion) and Lahore ($40billion). WebMars, the fourth planet from the Sun, has appeared as a setting in works of fiction since at least the mid-1600s. [49], The Turkic Ghaznavids in the tenth century attacked the regions of Punjab. They enlarge the nest, forage for food, and care for the other eggs. In more recent times, animated cartoons and 3-D animated films featuring ants have been produced including Antz, A Bug's Life, The Ant Bully, The Ant and the Aardvark, Ferdy the Ant and Atom Ant. There, they break off their wings using their tibial spurs and begin to lay and care for eggs. The ants plant the seeds and the domatia of young seedling are immediately occupied and the ant faeces in them contribute to rapid growth. [196], In his First Summer in the Sierra, John Muir notes that the Digger Indians of California ate the tickling, acid gasters of the large jet-black carpenter ants. Most ant species are omnivorous generalists, but a few are specialist feeders. 450-1100)-language text, Articles containing Low German-language text, Articles containing Old Saxon-language text, Articles containing Old High German (ca. Industrial estates are being developed by Punjab government to boost industrialization in province, Quaid e Azam Business Park Sheikhupura is one of the industrial area which is being developed near Sheikhupura on Lahore-Islamabad motorway.[118]. In species that forage in groups, a forager that finds food marks a trail on the way back to the colony; this trail is followed by other ants, these ants then reinforce the trail when they head back with food to the colony. In 1445, Sultan Qutbudin, chief of Langah, a Jat Zamindar tribe[55][56][57][58] established the Langah Sultanate in Multan. The program will feature the breadth, power and journalism of rotating Fox News anchors, reporters and producers. In Central and South America, Eciton burchellii is the swarming ant most commonly attended by "ant-following" birds such as antbirds and woodcreepers. "The Australian workerless inquiline ant, "Clonal reproduction by males and females in the little fire ant", "Myrmecomorphy and myrmecophily in spiders: A Review", "Ecological consequences of interactions between ants and honeydew-producing insects", "Is the larval and imaginal signalling of Lycaenidae and other Lepidoptera related to communication with ants", "Surveying the microbiome of ants: comparing 454 pyrosequencing with traditional methods to uncover bacterial diversity", "The genome of Rhizobiales bacteria in predatory ants reveals urease gene functions but no genes for nitrogen fixation", "The devil to pay: a cost of mutualism with Myrmelachista schumanni ants in 'devil's gardens' is increased herbivory on Duroia hirsuta trees", "The assembly of ant-farmed gardens: mutualism specialization following host broadening", "Studies of a South East Asian ant-plant association: protection of Macaranga trees by Crematogaster borneensis", "The effect of wood ants (Formica polyctena Foerst) on the transformation of phosphorus in a spruce plantation", "The effect of ants on soil properties and processes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)", "Contribution of wood ants to nutrient cycling and ecosystem function", "Foraging in Social Wasps: Agelaia lacks recruitment to food (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)", "Kleptoparasitism and phoresy in the Diptera", "The life of a dead ant: the expression of an adaptive extended phenotype", 11370/e6374602-b2a0-496c-b78e-774b34fb152b, "Behavioral interactions between ants and their parasites", "Parasite Presence Induces Gene Expression Changes in an Ant Host Related to Immunity and Longevity", "Foraging at army ant swarms by fifty bird species in the highlands of Costa Rica", "Description of an injury in a human caused by a false tocandira (Dinoponera gigantea, Perty, 1833) with a revision on folkloric, pharmacological and clinical aspects of the giant ants of the genera Paraponera and Dinoponera (sub-family Ponerinae)", "Innovative mechanisms for sharing benefits of biodiversity and related knowledge", "The influence of sociality on the conservation biology of social insects", "Habitat use by the "Escamolera" ant (Liometopum apiculatum Mayr) in central Mexico", "Insects as food: How they have augmented the food supply of mankind in early and recent times", "Observations on ants, bees, and wasps. Later, the region was invaded by Ahmad Shah Durrani; the founder of the Durrani Empire. [143], Myrmecophilous (ant-loving) caterpillars of the butterfly family Lycaenidae (e.g., blues, coppers, or hairstreaks) are herded by the ants, led to feeding areas in the daytime, and brought inside the ants' nest at night. Jasrath Khokhar was one of their major chiefs who helped Sultan Zain Ul Abideen of Kashmir to gain his throne and ruled over vast tracts of Jammu and North Punjab. They are quick to abandon established nests at the first sign of threats. [53][54], Genome size is a fundamental characteristic of an organism. Energy is stored in a thick band of muscle and explosively released when triggered by the stimulation of sensory organs resembling hairs on the inside of the mandibles. The fungus kills the ants, grows on their remains, and produces a fruiting body. [36] Tergosternal fusion, when the tergite and sternite of a segment fuse together, can occur partly or fully on the second, third and fourth abdominal segment and is used in identification. [78] Pheromones are produced by a wide range of structures including Dufour's glands, poison glands and glands on the hindgut, pygidium, rectum, sternum, and hind tibia. East Punjab (48%) became part of India, while West Punjab (52%) became part of Pakistan. [34] Contested by Marathas and Afghans, the region was the center of the growing influence of the Sikhs, who expanded and established the Sikh empire as the Mughals and Afghans weakened, ultimately ruling the Punjab, eastern Afghanistan, and territories north into the Himalayas. [156] Similar dispersal associations are found with other dolichoderines in the region as well. Isotopic labelling studies suggest that plants also obtain nitrogen from the ants. [11] In the subsequent centuries, the region was ruled by various dynasties, including the Hindu Shahis, the Ghaznavids, the Ghurids, the Delhi Sultanate, and most notably, the Mughal Empire. [166], A convergence, possibly a form of mimicry, is seen in the eggs of stick insects. Hindus form about 220,024 people I.e (0.2%) of the population. Speculations on the evolution of eusociality in ants", "The organization of a nuptial flight of the ant, "Worker ants promote outbreeding by transporting young queens to alien nests", "Self-organized shortcuts in the Argentine ant", "Structural complexity of chemical recognition cues affects the perception of group membership in the ants Linephithema humile and Aphaenogaster cockerelli", "Multifunctionality and mechanical origins: ballistic jaw propulsion in trap-jaw ants", "The trap-jaw mechanism in the dacetine ants, "Preemptive defensive self-sacrifice by ant workers", "Chemical signals associated with life inhibit necrophoresis in Argentine ants". [190][191], Although most ants survive attempts by humans to eradicate them, a few are highly endangered. [210][211] In Greek mythology, the goddess Athena turned the maiden Myrmex into an ant when the latter claimed to have invented the plough, when in fact it was Athena's own invention. References to a land of five rivers may be found in the Mahabharata, which calls one of the regions in ancient Bharat Panchanada (Sanskrit: , romanized:paca-nada, lit. [39] After Alexander's death in 323 BCE, Perdiccas became the regent of his empire, and after Perdiccas's murder in 321 BCE, Antipater became the new regent. In computer strategy games, ant-based species often benefit from increased production rates due to their single-minded focus, such as the Klackons in the Master of Orion series of games or the ChCht in Deadlock II. Punjab has the highest Human Development Index out of all of Pakistan's provinces at 0.564.[119]. WebAndrew File System (AFS) ended service on January 1, 2021. The follower obtains knowledge through its leading tutor. An extreme of sexual conflict is seen in Wasmannia auropunctata, where the queens produce diploid daughters by thelytokous parthenogenesis and males produce clones by a process whereby a diploid egg loses its maternal contribution to produce haploid males who are clones of the father. "Mind your languageThe movement for the preservation of Punjabi". [61] During Mughal period Punjab region was divided into two provinces; Subah of Multan and Subah of Lahore. B. Bosworth warns against an uncritical reading of Greek sources who were obviously exaggerative. [171], Fungi in the genera Cordyceps and Ophiocordyceps infect ants. [112] Leafcutter ants (Atta and Acromyrmex) feed exclusively on a fungus that grows only within their colonies. Ants have colonised almost every landmass on Earth. [36] Omphis had hoped to force both Porus and Abisares into submission leveraging the might of Alexander's forces and diplomatic missions were mounted, but while Abisares accepted the submission, Porus refused. They continually collect leaves which are taken to the colony, cut into tiny pieces and placed in fungal gardens. [152][153] Some plants have special nectar exuding structures, extrafloral nectaries, that provide food for ants, which in turn protect the plant from more damaging herbivorous insects. The city is also near the ancient site of Uch Sharif which was once a Delhi Sultanate stronghold. These food storage workers are called repletes. [34], Most Punjabis supported the British during World War I, providing men and resources to the war effort even though the Punjab remained a source of anti colonial activities. Ants perform many ecological roles that are beneficial to humans, including the suppression of pest populations and aeration of the soil. [175], A study of Temnothorax nylanderi colonies in Germany found that workers parasitized by the tapeworm Anomotaenia brevis (ants are intermediate hosts, the definitive hosts are woodpeckers) lived much longer than unparasitized workers and had a reduced mortality rate, comparable to that of the queens of the same species, which live for as long as two decades. Mark Twain wrote about ants in his 1880 book A Tramp Abroad. Earlier he served as the governor of Multan and fought 28 battles against Mongols from there and saved Punjab and Sindh regions from advances of Mongols and had survived. The females can selectively fertilise future eggs with the sperm stored to produce diploid workers or lay unfertilized haploid eggs to produce drones. [3][17], During the Cretaceous period, a few species of primitive ants ranged widely on the Laurasian supercontinent (the Northern Hemisphere). [39][40][41] Not only was his territory reinstated but also expanded with Alexander's forces annexing the territories of Glausaes, who ruled to the northeast of Porus' kingdom. The city of Bahawalpur is located near the Cholistan and Thar deserts. [81], Some ants produce sounds by stridulation, using the gaster segments and their mandibles. A large number of Baloch settlers arrived and towns of Dera Ghazi Khan and Dera Ismail Khan were founded. Major visitor attractions there include Lahore Fort and Shalimar Gardens, which are now recognised World Heritage Sites. All Ministers report to the Chief Minister, who is the Chief Executive. [130] The Pharwala Fort, which was built by an ancient Hindu civilisation, is on the outskirts of the city. The onset of the southwest monsoon is anticipated to reach Punjab by May, but since the early 1970s, the weather pattern has been irregular. Derawar Fort in the Cholistan Desert is the site for the annual Cholistan Jeep Rally. This ended the 3 centuries Arab rule over Punjab. An ancient Indian law book called the Manusmriti, developed by Brahmin Hindu priests, shaped Punjabi religious life from 200 BC onward. [49] In the 10th century, this region was occupied by the tribe of the Gakhars/Khokhars, who formed a large part of the Hindu Shahi army according to the Persian historian Firishta. Ants are eusocial insects of the family Formicidae and, along with the related wasps and bees, belong to the order Hymenoptera. Color of flowers as an attraction to bees: Experiments and considerations thereon", "An improved and quantified technique for marking individual fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)", wikisource:Bible (World English)/Proverbs#30:25, "Islamic Environmental Ethics, Law, and Society", "The super-nettles. Conversely, in the western regions of Punjab that ultimately became Pakistani Punjab, all districts became almost exclusively Muslim by 1951.[69]. [15][16] However, a clear divide is present between the northern and southern portions of the province;[14] with poverty rates in northern Punjab being among the lowest in Pakistan,[17] while some in southern Punjab are among the most impoverished. The earliest known notable local king of this region was known as Porus, who fought the famous Battle of the Hydaspes against Alexander the Great. [132], Some species attack and take over neighbouring ant colonies. [41], Two antennae ("feelers") are attached to the head; these organs detect chemicals, air currents, and vibrations; they also are used to transmit and receive signals through touch. Species that have multiple queens may have a queen leaving the nest along with some workers to found a colony at a new site,[73] a process akin to swarming in honeybees. WebCoronavirus - Service und Informationen. WebWe would like to show you a description here but the site wont allow us. WebThe latest Lifestyle | Daily Life news, tips, opinion and advice from The Sydney Morning Herald covering life and relationships, beauty, fashion, health & wellbeing News about San Diego, California. [34], When the Second World War broke out, nationalism in British India had already divided into religious movements. Like most insects, ants have compound eyes made from numerous tiny lenses attached together. A knowledgeable forager of Temnothorax albipennis can lead a nave nest-mate to newly discovered food by the process of tandem running. [151] One theory that has been proposed for the rarity of pollination is that the secretions of the metapleural gland inactivate and reduce the viability of pollen. [34] At the end of the war, the British granted separate independence to India and Pakistan, setting off massive communal violence as Muslims fled to Pakistan and Hindu and Sikh Punjabis fled east to India. [192], Ants and their larvae are eaten in different parts of the world. [33] The relative ease with which ants may be sampled and studied in ecosystems has made them useful as indicator species in biodiversity studies. [11] In 1966, E. O. Wilson and his colleagues identified the fossil remains of an ant (Sphecomyrma) that lived in the Cretaceous period. WebMars, the fourth planet from the Sun, has appeared as a setting in works of fiction since at least the mid-1600s. [11] The Delhi Sultanate ruled the Punjab for the next three hundred years, led by five unrelated dynasties, the Mamluks, Khalajis, Tughlaqs, Sayyids and Lodis. The colonies are described as superorganisms because the ants appear to operate as a unified entity, collectively working together to support the colony. In this ant-fungus mutualism, both species depend on each other for survival. [26][27] The word pajb thus means 'The Land of Five Waters', referring to the rivers Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas. The pupa has the appendages free and not fused to the body as in a butterfly pupa. The ant Allomerus decemarticulatus has evolved a three-way association with the host plant, Hirtella physophora (Chrysobalanaceae), and a sticky fungus which is used to trap their insect prey. Ants thrive in moist tropical ecosystems and may exceed the combined biomass of wild birds and mammals. [34] Lahore was a noted center of learning and culture, and Rawalpindi became an important military installation. [84][85] In September 2015, a case was filed in Supreme Court of Pakistan against Government of Punjab, Pakistan as it did not take any step to implement the Punjabi language in the province. [129] The province has a number of large cosmopolitan cities, including the provincial capital Lahore. The eggs of two species of ants are used in Mexican escamoles. The spring monsoon has either skipped over the area or has caused it to rain so hard that floods have resulted. [88] The list of thinktanks, political organisations, cultural projects, and individuals that demand authorities at the national and provincial level to promote the use of the language in the public and official spheres includes: Religion in Punjab, Pakistan (2017 Census)[92][93], The Punjabi people first practiced Hinduism, the oldest recorded religion in the Punjab region. ; Background paper for the Education for all global monitoring report 2006: literacy for life; 2005", "Rural women uphold Pakistan's literacy rate", Census of India, 1961: Punjab. The modern-day Pakistani province has its roots in the Punjab Province of British India, which was divided along religious boundaries by the Radcliffe Line during the partition of India in 1947. Ant societies have division of labour, communication between individuals, and an ability to solve complex problems. The Mexican Indians eat the repletes, or living honey-pots, of the honey ant (Myrmecocystus). [48], Workers cannot mate; however, because of the haplodiploid sex-determination system in ants, workers of a number of species can lay unfertilised eggs that become fully fertile, haploid males. June and July are oppressively hot. The specimen, trapped in amber dating back to around 92million years ago, has features found in some wasps, but not found in modern ants. Cultural and research institutes: Punjabi Adabi Board, the Khoj Garh Research Centre, Punjabi Prachar, Institute for Peace and Secular Studies, Adbi Sangat, Khaaksaar Tehreek, Saanjh, Maan Boli Research Centre, Punjabi Sangat Pakistan, Punjabi Markaz, Sver International. There are only two daily newspapers published in Punjabi in the Central areas of Punjab. [206] Aesop did the same in his fable The Ant and the Grasshopper. These polarization detectors are sensitive in the ultraviolet region of the light spectrum. [171] Wingless and legless females of the Malaysian phorid fly (Vestigipoda myrmolarvoidea) live in the nests of ants of the genus Aenictus and are cared for by the ants. The nature of this ant mimicry (myrmecomorphy) varies, with some cases involving Batesian mimicry, where the mimic reduces the risk of predation. [214] The French neuroanatomist, psychiatrist and eugenicist Auguste Forel believed that ant societies were models for human society. The Chief Minister of Punjab (CM) is elected by the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab to serve as the head of the provincial government in Punjab, Pakistan. Punjab's landscape consists mostly consists of fertile alluvial plains of the Indus River and its four major tributaries in Pakistan, the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej rivers which traverse Punjab north to south the fifth of the "five waters" of Punjab, the Beas River, lies exclusively in the Indian state of Punjab. [28] All are tributaries of the Indus River, the Sutlej being the largest. The ants in turn keep predators away from the aphids and will move them from one feeding location to another. In addition to these departments, there are several Autonomous Bodies and Attached Departments that report directly to either the Secretaries or the Chief Secretary. [47] The 10th century Arab historian Masudi mentioned that in his time the kings of Gandhara were all called Hajaj, J.haj or Ch'hach, while the area itself was called "country of the Rahbt" (Rajputs). They integrate this information to find the shortest route back to their nest. [84], The sting of jack jumper ants can be fatal,[85] and an antivenom has been developed for it. [34] As Mughal power weakened, Afghan rulers took control of the region. Alexander was wounded by an arrow that had penetrated his lung, leaving him severely injured. [94] Oleic acid has been identified as the compound released from dead ants that triggers necrophoric behaviour in Atta mexicana[95] while workers of Linepithema humile react to the absence of characteristic chemicals (dolichodial and iridomyrmecin) present on the cuticle of their living nestmates to trigger similar behaviour. [34] Many Sikhs and other minorities supported the Hindus, who promised a secular multicultural and multireligious society, and Muslim leaders in Lahore passed a resolution to work for a Muslim Pakistan, making the Punjab region a center of growing conflict between Indian and Pakistani nationalists. These changes are sometimes fairly sudden, and define what are called temporal castes. Some will sting or bite. The Lal Suhanra National Park is a major zoological garden on the outskirts of the city. It is the nation's only province that touches every other province; it also surrounds the federal enclave of the national capital city at Islamabad.[71][72]. [215], In the early 1990s, the video game SimAnt, which simulated an ant colony, won the 1992 Codie award for "Best Simulation Program". Check out our interactive Contrary to popular belief, some ant nests have multiple queens, while others may exist without queens. Some caterpillars produce vibrations and sounds that are perceived by the ants. Ant populations are managed by a combination of approaches that make use of chemical, biological, and physical methods. [161] Some plants in arid, fire-prone systems are particularly dependent on ants for their survival and dispersal as the seeds are transported to safety below the ground. Each Department is headed by a Provincial Minister (Politician) and a Provincial Secretary (A civil servant of usually BPS-20 or BPS-21). Ants also tend mealybugs to harvest their honeydew. [2][ "PricewaterhouseCoopers Media Centre". 17 images of the model under construction and complete are included. WebRoland Sachsenhofer presents a new Feature Article on his Revell 1/144 scale F-14D Tomcat. [168] The tropical wasp Mischocyttarus drewseni coats the pedicel of its nest with an ant-repellent chemical. Extreme specialists among these slave-raiding ants, such as the Amazon ants, are incapable of feeding themselves and need captured workers to survive. According to historical demographer Tim Dyson, in the eastern regions of Punjab that ultimately became Indian Punjab following independence, districts that were 66% Hindu in 1941 became 80% Hindu in 1951; those that were 20% Sikh became 50% Sikh in 1951. [14][1][15][16] Some groups, such as the Leptanillinae and Martialinae, are suggested to have diversified from early primitive ants that were likely to have been predators underneath the surface of the soil. Cold / Foggy / mild weather (October to March). 750-1050)-language text, Articles with text in West Germanic languages, Articles containing Proto-Germanic-language text, Articles containing Portuguese-language text, Articles containing Italian-language text, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles containing Romanian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 25 December 2022, at 19:03. It shares an International border with the Indian states of Rajasthan and Punjab to the east and Indian-administered Kashmir to the north-east. Direct kleptoparasitism (birds stealing food from the ants' grasp) is rare and has been noted in Inca doves which pick seeds at nest entrances as they are being transported by species of Pogonomyrmex. Web 273-0001 1-8-1 tel. [154] Species such as the bullhorn acacia (Acacia cornigera) in Central America have hollow thorns that house colonies of stinging ants (Pseudomyrmex ferruginea) who defend the tree against insects, browsing mammals, and epiphytic vines. Males, however, are more transitory, being quite short-lived and surviving for only a few weeks. [70], Most ants are univoltine, producing a new generation each year. Search the directory and start contacting pros for your new project today. The previous dorylomorph subfamilies were synonymized under Dorylinae by Brady et al. [clarification needed]. It features heavily in the Sanskrit-language Indian epic known as the Mahabharata, and is also home to Taxila and Pushkalavati, the centres of Gandhara civilization. The ant seizes the edges of the wound in its mandibles and locks in place. The materials used for construction include soil and plant matter,[73] and ants carefully select their nest sites; Temnothorax albipennis will avoid sites with dead ants, as these may indicate the presence of pests or disease. [132], This article is about the Pakistani province of Punjab. They also are mentioned in religious texts. [53], In 1398, Timur attacked the Punjab region. The Katasraj temple in the city of Chakwal is a major destination for Hindu devotees. 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